Quote, Paraphrase, & Summarize (QPS)
Every time you use a source, you choose one of three moves. Start with the overview, then pick the move you want to review.
QPS Overview
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In short
You can quote a source, paraphrase it, or summarize it. All three need a citation. A citation credits the idea, but it does not fix writing that is too close to the source.
| Feature | Quote | Paraphrase | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|
| What it is | The author’s exact words | One passage in your words and your structure | The main point of a longer source |
| Length | Only the part you need | About the same as the original | Much shorter than the original |
| Marks | Quotation marks, plus a page or paragraph number | A citation | A citation |
- The exact words matter: quote it.
- The details matter: keep the steps and reasons. Paraphrase it.
- The details do not matter: drop them on purpose. Summarize it.
Review: Which move?
Read each situation and decide whether to quote, paraphrase, or summarize. Then click to check. The sources are made up.
Situation 1
Click to reveal the answer
Quote it. You are analyzing the author’s wording, and one changed word would change the meaning. The exact words are the point.
Situation 2
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Paraphrase it. The details matter, so keep the steps and reasons, but put them in your own words and your own sentence structure. Add a citation.
Situation 3
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Summarize it. You need the big picture, so drop the details on purpose. A sentence or two is enough, with the source’s main point and no opinion added. Add a citation.
Go deeper: pick a move
Each page has its own video, a short explanation, and practice. Choose the one you want to review.